Making Informed Decisions: A Guide to Navigating Cancer Treatment Conversations. By Rahul Karandikar

Disclaimer

This article is intended for educational and awareness purposes only. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Cancer is a serious medical condition that requires evaluation and treatment by qualified healthcare professionals.

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with cancer, please consult a board certified oncologist or your treating medical team before making any treatment related decisions. Never delay, discontinue, or replace prescribed medical treatment with any alternative approach without discussing it with your doctor.

Why I Am Writing This

As someone living with epilepsy, I understand how important accurate information and informed healthcare decisions can be. Although epilepsy and cancer are very different medical conditions, patients and families facing serious health challenges often search for answers, hope, and every possible option that may help.

During this process, people may come across different opinions regarding traditional systems of medicine, including Ayurveda, and their role in cancer care.

I am not writing this article to support or oppose any particular system of medicine. My intention is simply to encourage informed discussions between patients and their healthcare professionals.

The most important question is not "What does the internet say?" but rather "What does my treating medical team advise for my specific situation?"

1. Understanding the Difference Between Supportive Care and Cancer Treatment

One of the most important concepts in cancer care is understanding the difference between supportive care and disease directed treatment.

1.1 Supportive Care

Supportive approaches may help some people improve their quality of life while undergoing cancer treatment. These may include:

* Yoga

* Meditation

* Relaxation techniques

* Counseling and emotional support

* Nutritional guidance from qualified professionals

Such approaches may help some individuals cope with stress, anxiety, fatigue, and the emotional burden that often accompanies a cancer diagnosis and treatment.

1.2 Disease Directed Treatment

Cancer treatment itself is a separate matter.

Treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and other evidence based medical interventions are recommended based on scientific research and clinical trials.

At present, there is no reliable scientific evidence showing that herbal preparations alone can cure cancer, eliminate tumors, or replace standard oncology treatment.

This distinction is important because supportive measures and cancer treatment serve different purposes.

2. Understanding Claims of "Miracle Cures"

Stories of dramatic recoveries often circulate through social media, websites, videos, and word of mouth. While such stories may be inspiring, they should be approached carefully and discussed with qualified healthcare professionals.

There can be several explanations for reported outcomes.

2.1 Misdiagnosis

In some situations, an initial diagnosis may later be revised after additional testing, pathology review, or specialist evaluation.

2.2 Simultaneous Conventional Treatment

Many individuals who report improvement may also be receiving surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, or other conventional medical treatments at the same time.

2.3 Differences in Disease Progression

Cancer is not a single disease. Different cancers behave differently, and outcomes can vary significantly from one individual to another.

For these reasons, personal stories should not be considered a substitute for scientific evidence.

3. Questions Worth Discussing With Your Oncologist

Whenever considering a supplement, herbal preparation, traditional remedy, or complementary approach, it is important to have an open discussion with your treating oncologist.

Some questions that may be useful include:

3.1 Safety Questions

* Could this supplement interfere with my chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation treatment?

* Could it affect my liver, kidneys, or other organs while I am receiving treatment?

3.2 Evidence Questions

* Is there any scientific evidence supporting the use of this product for my specific cancer type?

* Has it been evaluated in clinical studies?

3.3 Supportive Care Questions

* Are there any evidence based supportive therapies that may safely help with stress, sleep, appetite, fatigue, or quality of life?

* Are there any warning signs or side effects I should watch for?

These conversations can help patients make informed decisions while reducing the risk of harmful interactions or unintended consequences.

4. Why Evidence Based Medicine Matters

Modern oncology recommendations are based on treatments that have been studied through scientific research and clinical trials.

These studies help determine:

4.1 Effectiveness

Whether a treatment actually works.

4.2 Safety

What side effects may occur and how they can be managed.

4.3 Patient Selection

Which patients are most likely to benefit from a particular treatment.

4.4 Consistency

Whether similar results can be achieved across different groups of patients.

While no medical system is perfect, scientific evaluation remains the most reliable method currently available for assessing whether a treatment is safe and effective.

5. My Personal View

I am not a doctor, researcher, oncologist, or medical professional.

I am simply sharing information that may help patients and families have informed conversations with their healthcare team.

My intention is not to recommend any treatment or discourage any treatment. Nor is it my intention to criticize or promote any particular healthcare system.

Rather, I believe that patients should have access to reliable information, ask questions freely, and make decisions together with qualified healthcare professionals based on their individual circumstances.

6. Final Thoughts

A cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. It is understandable that patients and families may explore every possible source of information and support.

My purpose in writing this article is not to tell anyone what treatment to choose. Instead, it is to encourage informed discussions, careful evaluation of claims, and partnership with qualified medical professionals.

When in doubt:

1. Ask questions.

2. Seek clarification.

3. Verify information from reliable sources.

4. Discuss supplements and complementary therapies with your oncologist.

5. Rely on professional medical advice and evidence based guidance.

Your safety and well being should always come first.

References

1. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Care.

2. Cancer Research UK. Ayurvedic Medicine and Cancer.

3. Jha SK et al. Bridging Ayurvedic Medicine and Modern Cancer Therapeutics. Frontiers in Natural Products. 2025.

4. American Cancer Society. Integrative Medicine and Cancer Care.

5. National Cancer Institute. Understanding Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

Author: Rahul Karandikar

Note: This article is intended solely for public education and awareness. It should not be interpreted as medical advice, treatment guidance, diagnosis, or a recommendation for or against any specific healthcare system, therapy, product, practitioner, or institution.

Epilepsy, Yoga, Ayurveda, and the Facts We Need to Know. By Rahul Karandikar

If you live with epilepsy, you have probably received all kinds of advice from people around you. Some suggestions are useful, while others can be confusing or even risky. One topic that often comes up is whether yoga, meditation, or Ayurvedic treatments can help with epilepsy.

As someone living with epilepsy myself, I have heard many different opinions over the years. So I wanted to share what current medical knowledge tells us and separate facts from myths.

Can Yoga, Meditation, or Ayurveda Cure Epilepsy?

The simple answer is no.

At present, there is no scientific evidence that yoga, meditation, or Ayurvedic treatments can cure epilepsy. These practices may help with general wellbeing, but they should never replace medicines prescribed by your neurologist.

Stopping epilepsy medication without medical advice can be dangerous. It may lead to seizures returning or becoming more severe. If anyone tells you to stop your medicines and rely only on natural remedies, please be very careful.

Can They Still Be Helpful?

In some cases, yes.

While they are not a cure, certain practices may support overall health when used alongside proper medical treatment and with your doctor's approval.

Stress Management

Stress can be a seizure trigger for some people. Gentle yoga, relaxation exercises, or spending a few quiet minutes focusing on your breathing may help reduce stress and improve emotional wellbeing.

Mental Wellbeing

Living with epilepsy can sometimes affect confidence, mood, and mental health. Activities such as meditation or mindfulness may help some people feel calmer and better able to cope with daily challenges.

Better Sleep

Lack of sleep is a common seizure trigger for many people. If relaxation techniques help you sleep better, that may indirectly support seizure control.

Things to Be Careful About

Not every practice is suitable for everyone with epilepsy.

Fast Breathing Exercises

Some breathing techniques involve very rapid or forceful breathing. These can change the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. In certain situations, similar breathing methods are even used during medical testing because they can increase the chance of triggering a seizure.

If you have epilepsy, discuss any breathing exercises with your neurologist before trying them.

Extreme Relaxation or Drowsiness

Some people become very sleepy during deep meditation. For a few individuals, the period between being awake and asleep can sometimes be a vulnerable time for seizures.

Certain Yoga Poses

Some yoga positions place the head lower than the heart or involve unusual body movements. While many people tolerate them well, others may feel uncomfortable. It is always better to start with gentle and supervised exercises.

A Word About Ayurvedic Medicines

Many people ask whether Ayurvedic medicines can help epilepsy. The problem is that there is very limited scientific evidence showing that they can control seizures.

Another concern is quality and safety. Some herbal products have been found to contain substances such as lead or mercury, which can be harmful to the brain and other organs.

Herbal products may also interact with epilepsy medicines. This can affect how well your medication works or increase the risk of side effects.

For this reason, always tell your neurologist about any herbal or alternative treatment you are considering.

The Bottom Line

Yoga, meditation, and other relaxation practices may help some people manage stress, improve sleep, and support overall wellbeing. However, they should never be viewed as a replacement for epilepsy medication.

If you choose to try these practices:

1. Continue taking your prescribed medicines exactly as advised.

2. Stop any activity that makes you feel unwell, dizzy, confused, or uncomfortable.

3. Speak with your neurologist before starting new breathing exercises, supplements, herbal products, or alternative therapies.

Epilepsy is a medical condition that deserves proper medical care. Healthy habits can support your treatment, but your prescribed medication remains the foundation of seizure control.

Scientific References for Further Reading

Yoga and Epilepsy: Systematic reviews (e.g., International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research) indicate that yoga may provide adjunctive benefits like stress reduction and autonomic stabilization, but it is not a primary treatment for seizure control.

Cognitive Behavioral Interventions (CBI): Research published in PubMed and journals like Neurology supports the use of behavioral techniques as a secondary tool to enhance self control and improve quality of life for people with epilepsy.

Autonomic Manifestations: Studies in journals like Frontiers in Surgery explain that hypersalivation and sensory auras are recognized autonomic features of temporal lobe epilepsy, often linked to insular or temporal cortex activity.

Hyperventilation Risks: Guidelines from the British Society for Clinical Neurophysiology confirm that hyperventilation is a standard medical procedure used to intentionally induce EEG changes and seizures for diagnostic purposes.

Heavy Metal Risks: Research published in PMC (NIH) and warnings from the FDA document that unapproved Ayurvedic products frequently contain toxic levels of lead, mercury, and arsenic, which can cause severe neurological damage.

Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult your neurologist or healthcare professional before making any changes to your treatment, medication, or lifestyle.

Beyond the Myths: Epilepsy, Yoga, and Medical RealityWritten by: Rahul Karandikar

​Living with epilepsy often means getting a lot of confusing advice from different people. Some of it is helpful, but a lot of it is just plain wrong or even dangerous. Because I live with epilepsy myself, I have spent a lot of time figuring out the difference between the facts and the myths when it comes to things like yoga, meditation, and natural healing.

​If you want the honest truth about how these things affect an epileptic brain, here it is without any sugar coating.

​The Honest Truth About Natural Cures

1. ​There is no scientific proof that yoga, meditation, or Ayurvedic medicine can cure epilepsy.
2. ​Never try to replace your doctor prescribed seizure medication with herbs or natural supplements.
3. ​Stopping your medicine or trying to swap it out can lead to very serious and life threatening seizures. Anyone who tells you that you can stop your medicine for these treatments is giving you dangerous advice.

​Can These Things Help Anyway?

​They are not cures, but if your doctor says it is okay, they can sometimes be helpful additions to your life.

1. ​Managing Stress: For many people, stress is a big trigger for seizures. Doing gentle yoga or taking a few quiet minutes to breathe can help keep you calm and lower your stress levels.
2. ​Mental Well Being: Epilepsy can be hard on your mind. Using these practices can help you feel better and less alone, which can make it easier to stick to your medical treatment.
3. ​Better Sleep: Many people with epilepsy find that they have more seizures when they are tired. If meditation or light stretching helps you get better sleep, that is a real benefit.

​The Hidden Risks You Need To Know

​It is not all good news. Sometimes these practices can actually bother the brain and trigger a seizure.

1. ​The Problem With Fast Breathing: Some yoga breathing exercises are very fast and forceful. This changes the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood. Doctors actually use this same trick in medical tests to intentionally cause a seizure. You should avoid any kind of fast or intense breathing exercises.
2. ​The Drowsy State: When you meditate, you might start to feel very relaxed or drowsy. For some people, that exact moment between being awake and falling asleep is when they are most likely to have a seizure.
3. ​Body Position: Some yoga poses where your head is lower than your heart can change blood flow in the brain. For some people, this can be a physical trigger for a seizure.

​A Word About Ayurvedic Medicine

​There is very little science to prove that Ayurvedic treatments work for epilepsy. The bigger problem is that many of these products are not regulated.

1. ​Contamination: Many herbal products have been found to contain dangerous substances like lead or mercury, which can damage your brain and make your seizures worse.
2. ​Interaction With Medicine: Herbs can change how your body processes your real seizure medication. This can make your medicine stop working or even cause it to build up to toxic levels in your blood.

​The Bottom Line

​If you want to manage your epilepsy well, stick to what doctors recommend.

1. ​Treat yoga and meditation as things you do for stress, not as a replacement for your medicine.
2. ​If you ever feel dizzy, foggy, or just off while doing these things, stop immediately. Your brain is telling you something is wrong.
3. ​Always talk to your neurologist before you start any new habit, herbal supplement, or breathing practice. They need to know everything you are doing to make sure you stay safe.

​Managing epilepsy is serious business. Do not gamble with your health by trying unproven fixes. Your medicine is what keeps you safe, so keep it as your main priority and talk to your doctor about everything else.

​Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes and reflects the current medical consensus. Always prioritize the advice of a qualified neurologist regarding your specific health needs.

Understanding Sturge Weber Syndrome By Rahul Karandikar

If you or someone in your family has been told about Sturge Weber Syndrome, the name itself can sound confusing and frightening. When we hear a medical term for the first time, it is natural to feel worried.

The good news is that understanding the condition can make it a little less scary. Let us look at it in simple language.

What is Sturge Weber Syndrome?

Sturge Weber Syndrome is a rare condition that affects the brain, skin, and sometimes the eyes.

A person is born with this condition. It is not something that spreads from one person to another, and it is not caused by anything the parents did or did not do during pregnancy.

It happens because of a small change that occurs very early during a baby's development before birth.

The Birthmark Many People Notice

One of the most common signs is a reddish or purplish birthmark on the face. Doctors often call it a port wine stain.

It is important to remember that having a birthmark does not automatically mean someone has Sturge Weber Syndrome. Many people have facial birthmarks and never develop this condition.

Doctors usually investigate further only when the birthmark appears in certain areas of the face or when other symptoms are present.

How Does It Affect the Brain?

In people with Sturge Weber Syndrome, some blood vessels on the surface of the brain do not develop in the usual way.

Because of this, certain parts of the brain may not receive blood flow as efficiently as they should. Over time, this can affect the electrical activity of the brain.

This is why many people with the condition experience seizures.

A simple way to think about it is to imagine the brain as a house with electrical wiring. If some wires are not working properly, electrical problems can occur. In the brain, these problems can appear as seizures.

When Do Seizures Usually Start?

Although the condition is present from birth, seizures often do not begin immediately.

In many children, seizures start during the first year of life. As the brain grows and develops, the abnormal electrical activity may become more noticeable.

Every person is different, so the timing and severity can vary.

What About the Eyes?

Some people with Sturge Weber Syndrome develop increased pressure inside the eye. This condition is called glaucoma.

If glaucoma is not treated, it can affect vision over time.

Because of this, regular eye examinations are very important. Eye doctors can detect problems early and start treatment if needed.

Is There a Cure?

At present, there is no cure that completely removes Sturge Weber Syndrome.

However, many treatments are available to help manage the symptoms.

Doctors may prescribe medicines to control seizures. Regular follow up with neurologists and eye specialists is often recommended.

In some situations, when seizures remain difficult to control with medicines, doctors may discuss surgical options. The decision depends on each person's condition and requires careful evaluation by specialists.

Living With Sturge Weber Syndrome

Living with Sturge Weber Syndrome can be challenging, but many people with the condition lead meaningful and fulfilling lives.

The most important things are regular medical care, early treatment when needed, and a supportive family and healthcare team.

Every person's journey is different. Some people may have only mild symptoms, while others may need more medical support.

Final Thoughts

A diagnosis of Sturge Weber Syndrome can feel overwhelming at first. But learning about the condition is an important step.

You are not alone. There are doctors, support groups, and families around the world who understand these challenges and are willing to help.

If you think a child may have symptoms of this condition, speak with a pediatrician or neurologist as early as possible. Early evaluation and proper care can make a big difference in long term health and quality of life.

Disclaimer

This article is written for general awareness and educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Every person with Sturge Weber Syndrome is different, and medical decisions should always be made in consultation with qualified healthcare professionals. If you have concerns about your health or the health of a loved one, please consult a pediatrician, neurologist, ophthalmologist, or another appropriate medical specialist.

Beyond The Pain: Why Healing Is About More Than Just Your Body. By Rahul Karandikar

If you have ever dealt with persistent pain, you have probably felt like a car at the mechanic. You go in, they look at your parts, your back, your shoulder, your knee, and if they cannot find a broken bolt, you are told that everything looks normal.

But you know it is not normal. You are still in pain.

The reason this old mechanic way of thinking often falls short is that human beings are not cars. We are complex individuals. This is where the Biopsychosocial Model comes in.

It is a fancy term for something quite simple: pain is not just a physical sensation. It is an experience shaped by your body, mind, and environment.

Think of pain as a three legged stool. If you only focus on one leg, the stool becomes unstable. To truly understand pain, we need to look at all three.

1. The Bio: The Body

This is the part most of us are familiar with. It includes the physical factors such as muscles, joints, the spine, previous injuries, posture, and even the quality of your sleep.

When something is physically wrong, your body sends signals to your brain. These signals are important, but they are only part of the story.

2. The Psycho: The Mind

This is where things become more interesting.

Have you ever noticed that your pain feels worse during stressful periods? Perhaps when you are worried about work, family, finances, or an upcoming deadline?

That is not "all in your head." It is your nervous system responding to stress.

Anxiety, fear, frustration, and low mood can increase the sensitivity of pain pathways. Your brain constantly interprets incoming signals, and your emotional state influences how loudly those signals are perceived.

3. The Social: The World Around You

None of us live in isolation.

The people around us, our relationships, work environment, financial pressures, and sense of belonging all affect our wellbeing.

When you feel supported and understood, your nervous system feels safer. When you feel isolated, misunderstood, or overwhelmed, your body may remain in a heightened state of alertness.

A nervous system that does not feel safe often continues to amplify pain signals.

Why This Matters for Recovery

One of the most empowering aspects of the Biopsychosocial Model is that it offers more than one path toward healing.

Many people feel frustrated because they have tried medication, exercises, scans, or treatments without finding lasting relief. Often, those approaches focus primarily on the physical aspect of pain.

Recovery may improve when attention is also given to stress management, emotional wellbeing, supportive relationships, meaningful activities, and a healthier understanding of pain itself.

You are not simply a broken part waiting to be repaired.

You are a whole person whose body, mind, and environment influence how pain is experienced.

Why This Is Different for People Living with Epilepsy

For people with epilepsy, the interaction between these three areas can be even more significant.

1. The Bio Factor

Pain may not always result from an injury.

Some people experience headaches, muscle soreness, fatigue, or body aches after seizures. Because the nervous system is already managing abnormal electrical activity, it may sometimes become more sensitive to discomfort.

2. The Psycho Factor

Stress is a recognized seizure trigger for many people with epilepsy.

Pain can create stress, and stress can increase feelings of vulnerability regarding seizures. This can create a cycle where pain increases anxiety, anxiety increases stress, and stress further affects wellbeing.

Breaking this cycle often requires addressing both the physical and emotional aspects of the experience.

3. The Social Factor

Epilepsy remains widely misunderstood.

Some people may hesitate to discuss their condition openly because of stigma, fear, or concerns about being judged.

When individuals feel isolated or unsupported, the nervous system may remain in a state of heightened alertness. Feeling understood, accepted, and connected can play an important role in overall wellbeing.

The Bigger Picture

The Biopsychosocial Model does not suggest that pain is imaginary.

Instead, it reminds us that pain is real and influenced by many factors working together.

The body matters.

The mind matters.

The world around us matters.

When we understand all three, we gain more opportunities to support recovery, improve quality of life, and move toward better health.

References and Further Reading

1. Engel, G. L. (1977). The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine. Science.

2. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)

   https://www.iasp-pain.org

3. European Pain Federation. What is the Biopsychosocial Model of Pain?

   https://europeanpainfederation.eu

4. Elliott, J. O., & Richardson, V. E. (2014). The Biopsychosocial Model and Quality of Life in Persons with Active Epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 41, 55–65.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for educational purposes only. It is based on the biopsychosocial model of health and pain and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your neurologist, physician, or other qualified healthcare professional regarding concerns about pain, epilepsy, or any medical condition.

Finding Hope Through Shared Experiences. By Rahul Karandikar

As a person living with epilepsy and also facing anxiety and depression, attending the Unnat Manas Samman program was a meaningful experience for me.

Listening to the journeys of Yashoda Wakankar, Akila Charagi, and Vijay Nallawala reminded me that every person's struggle is different. The challenges may not be the same, but acceptance, treatment, family support, and hope can help people move forward in life.

What inspired me most was that after facing their own health conditions, they chose to help others. Through support groups, counseling, awareness activities, rehabilitation work, and community building, they are making a positive difference in many lives. Their stories showed that personal struggles can sometimes become a source of strength for helping others.

Many of the experiences shared during the program felt familiar to me. Living with a health condition can sometimes feel lonely. There are moments when a person may feel that nobody truly understands what they are going through. Hearing people openly talk about their challenges, setbacks, and progress reminded me that such feelings are not uncommon and that support is available.

One of the highlights of the program was listening to Dr. Bharat Vatwani. His thoughts on compassion left a strong impression on me. His message reminded me that kindness and understanding can have a powerful impact on people's lives. Sometimes a person does not need immediate solutions. They simply need someone who listens, understands, and cares.

Another message that stayed with me was the importance of accepting one's condition and building a positive relationship with treatment and medication. The speakers shared how this acceptance helped them lead more stable and meaningful lives. Their experiences showed that seeking help and continuing treatment is not a weakness but a step toward better wellbeing.

I also felt encouraged by the idea that once people find stability in their own journey, they can support others who may be facing similar challenges. Sharing experiences, offering encouragement, and creating supportive communities can help many people feel less alone.

I left the program with a feeling of gratitude and positivity. It reminded me that while challenges may be a part of life, support, compassion, understanding, and human connection can make the journey easier.

I would like to thank Manas Psychological Health Centre and Manoday Trust for organizing such a thoughtful program and for bringing together people whose experiences can inspire and encourage many others.

Programs like these remind us that behind every diagnosis is a human being, and behind every struggle there is also the possibility of hope, growth, and connection.

Mental Health Beyond Modern Psychology: Exploring a Wider Perspective. By Rahul Karandikar

When people hear the words "mental health," they often think about therapy, counseling, or medication. These can be very important parts of mental health care, but mental wellbeing is much broader than that.

Our mental health is influenced by many things in daily life. Good sleep, healthy food, physical activity, meaningful relationships, and a sense of purpose all play a role in how we feel. The mind and body are connected, and taking care of both is important for overall wellbeing.

Another important factor is community. Human beings are social by nature. Feeling connected to others can make a big difference during difficult times. Sometimes, having someone who listens and understands can be just as valuable as any advice.

Sharing experiences with others can also reduce feelings of isolation. When people openly talk about their challenges and successes, it reminds us that we are not alone. It helps create understanding, acceptance, and support.

A wonderful example of this community spirit can be seen in the work of Manas Psychological Health Center and Manoday Trust. The organization is celebrating twenty five years of service through a special event called Unnat Manas Sanman Puraskar Sohla on June 14, 2026.

What makes this event meaningful is its focus on recognizing people who have faced challenges and continued moving forward in life. It also honors those who inspire and support others through their own experiences. This shift from focusing only on problems to also celebrating resilience and hope is something worth appreciating.

By bringing together mental health professionals and members of the community, such events help connect professional knowledge with real life experiences. They remind us that mental health is not only about treatment. It is also about connection, understanding, and human support.

At the end of the day, mental health is not a destination. It is an ongoing journey. It involves caring for ourselves, maintaining healthy habits, building meaningful relationships, and finding places where we feel seen, heard, and accepted.

When we support one another and celebrate each other's progress, we help create a more compassionate and mentally healthy society.

What are some of the ways you maintain balance, connection, and wellbeing in your daily life? 

Feel free to share your thoughts in the comments.